Crows flexibly apply statistical inferences based on previous experience
Summary
Statistical inference, the ability to use limited information to draw conclusions about the likelihood of an event, is critical for decision-making during uncertainty. The ability to make statistical inferences was thought to be a uniquely human skill requiring verbal instruction and mathematical reasoning. 1 However, basic inferences have been demonstrated in both preliterate and pre-numerate individuals, 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 as well as non-human primates. 8 More recently, the ability to make statistical inferences has been extended to members outside of the primate lineage in birds. 9 ,10 True statistical inference requires subjects use relative rather than absolute frequency of previously experienced events. Here, we show that crows can relate memorized reward probabilities to infer reward-maximizing decisions. Two crows were trained to associate multiple reward probabilities ranging from 10% to 90% to arbitrary stimuli. When later faced with the choice between various stimulus combinations, crows retrieved the reward probabilities associated with individual stimuli from memory and used them to gain maximum reward. The crows showed behavioral distance and size effects when judging reward values, indicating that the crows represented probabilities as abstract magnitudes. When controlling for absolute reward frequency, crows still made reward-maximizing choices, which is the signature of true statistical inference. Our study provides compelling evidence of decision-making by relative reward frequency in a statistical inference task.
Hot Air Roasting of Almonds Almond Board of California. The two step process is interesting in roasting at a lower temperature to preserve the structure of the cells followed by a higher roast temperature to develop flavors which they claim leads to maximize shelf life.
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I like to read up about nut roasting, aging, and staling, etc. to get some potential insights into coffee because the nut roasting topic is much easier to search on the internet to find some real research instead of everyone's opinion.
Join us on Zoom vHerf (Meeting # 2619860114 Password vHerf2020 )
Nah, it's only new because we got old. At least, I know I am, minimum, a year behind in all "new" shows and movies. Case in point, I just found out about and binged Joe Pickett.
Consumption of peanut products enhances the production of microbial phenolic metabolites related with memory and stress response: Results from the ARISTOTLE trial
Highlights:
•
RCT designed to assess peanut consumption's impact on gut-brain axis.
•
A novel method based on LC–MS was used to quantify urinary microbial phenolic compounds (MPMs).
•
MPMs have been scarcely studied in human samples.
•
Peanut consumption seems to contribute to the synthesis of MPMs involved in the improvement of memory and mood outcomes.
Interesting. I found this in the discussion of section 4: "peanuts [which] lacked skins... contain fewer polyphenol compounds compared to peanut products that contain skin". I've seen a lot of previous studies on the values of consuming peanut skins.
Is there any benefit to consuming the roasted silverskin of coffee seeds?
Join us on Zoom vHerf (Meeting # 2619860114 Password vHerf2020 )
"...Coffee silverskin, the main by-product of coffee roasting, stands out as a noteworthy source of nutrients and remarkable bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and melanoidins, among others. Such compounds have been demonstrating beneficial health properties in the context of metabolic disorders."
"Coffee silverskin compounds seem to contribute to a potential protective effect against MetS through complementary mechanisms of action: (a) interaction with intestinal sugar transporters, hormones, and signaling pathways acting on glucose metabolism, particularly AMPK; (b) improvement of glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity; (c) lowering total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels, possibly through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase; (d) reduction of inflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue; (e) protection against oxidative DNA damage; and (f) acting as interesting players in the regulation of gut microbiota."
Join us on Zoom vHerf (Meeting # 2619860114 Password vHerf2020 )
@silvermouse said:
Consumption of peanut products enhances the production of microbial phenolic metabolites related with memory and stress response: Results from the ARISTOTLE trial
Highlights:
•
RCT designed to assess peanut consumption's impact on gut-brain axis.
•
A novel method based on LC–MS was used to quantify urinary microbial phenolic compounds (MPMs).
•
MPMs have been scarcely studied in human samples.
•
Peanut consumption seems to contribute to the synthesis of MPMs involved in the improvement of memory and mood outcomes.
:O'Hara's Choice" by Leon Uris. 2003 A historical novel about the Marine Corps written by Uris , a Marine who was on Guadacanal and Tarawa as a teenager in WW11.
Comments
Cousins, you big dummy.
Ironically, his latest is Judgement Prey.
Try ‘Elizabeth…coming to join you’…but you have to grab your heart while reading 😜
A good cigar and whiskey solve most problems.
"Dark Angel" Sandford's latest Letty Davenport novel.
Crows flexibly apply statistical inferences based on previous experience
Summary
Statistical inference, the ability to use limited information to draw conclusions about the likelihood of an event, is critical for decision-making during uncertainty. The ability to make statistical inferences was thought to be a uniquely human skill requiring verbal instruction and mathematical reasoning. 1 However, basic inferences have been demonstrated in both preliterate and pre-numerate individuals, 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 as well as non-human primates. 8 More recently, the ability to make statistical inferences has been extended to members outside of the primate lineage in birds. 9 ,10 True statistical inference requires subjects use relative rather than absolute frequency of previously experienced events. Here, we show that crows can relate memorized reward probabilities to infer reward-maximizing decisions. Two crows were trained to associate multiple reward probabilities ranging from 10% to 90% to arbitrary stimuli. When later faced with the choice between various stimulus combinations, crows retrieved the reward probabilities associated with individual stimuli from memory and used them to gain maximum reward. The crows showed behavioral distance and size effects when judging reward values, indicating that the crows represented probabilities as abstract magnitudes. When controlling for absolute reward frequency, crows still made reward-maximizing choices, which is the signature of true statistical inference. Our study provides compelling evidence of decision-making by relative reward frequency in a statistical inference task.
More here...
https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/09/for-the-first-time-research-reveals-crows-use-statistical-logic/
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00774-1?_returnURL=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982223007741?showall=true
https://theconversation.com/the-complex-chemistry-behind-americas-spirit-how-bourbon-gets-its-distinctive-taste-and-color-211812?utm_source=join1440&utm_medium=email&utm_placement=newsletter
Trapped in the People's Communits Republic of Massachusetts.
https://singularityhub.com/2023/09/15/newly-discovered-spirals-of-brain-activity-may-help-explain-cognition/
Mice in the news, understanding their strategy
https://neurosciencenews.com/mouse-learning-cognition-23927/
https://psyche.co/ideas/improve-your-relationships-with-the-science-of-perspective-taking
the take-away is treat everyone with love even if you don't like them.
Review of the Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Almond (Prunus dulcis) Flavor
Lillian M. Franklin and Alyson E. Mitchell*
Roasted Peanut Flavor Bulletin 1478 University of Georgia Extension
Hot Air Roasting of Almonds Almond Board of California. The two step process is interesting in roasting at a lower temperature to preserve the structure of the cells followed by a higher roast temperature to develop flavors which they claim leads to maximize shelf life.
Sometimes you feel like a nut.....
Trapped in the People's Communits Republic of Massachusetts.
That's what she said
I think that is confusing two different politicians.
Trapped in the People's Communits Republic of Massachusetts.
I like to read up about nut roasting, aging, and staling, etc. to get some potential insights into coffee because the nut roasting topic is much easier to search on the internet to find some real research instead of everyone's opinion.
Jamais Vu: When the Familiar Turns Eerily New
https://neurosciencenews.com/jamais-vu-neuroscience-23969/
What do they call it when you watch a new movie or episode and feel like you've seen it before?
Reruns.😉
Nolite Oblivisci Peniculus Dentes
Deja vu all over again.
Preruns?
Nah, it's only new because we got old. At least, I know I am, minimum, a year behind in all "new" shows and movies. Case in point, I just found out about and binged Joe Pickett.
Nolite Oblivisci Peniculus Dentes
Box is one of my go to authors. Right up there with Child, Sandford and Burke.
"Gone Tomorrow" Lee Child 2009
Beginning tonight...
Nolite Oblivisci Peniculus Dentes
Consumption of peanut products enhances the production of microbial phenolic metabolites related with memory and stress response: Results from the ARISTOTLE trial
Highlights:
•
RCT designed to assess peanut consumption's impact on gut-brain axis.
•
A novel method based on LC–MS was used to quantify urinary microbial phenolic compounds (MPMs).
•
MPMs have been scarcely studied in human samples.
•
Peanut consumption seems to contribute to the synthesis of MPMs involved in the improvement of memory and mood outcomes.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003468
Interesting. I found this in the discussion of section 4: "peanuts [which] lacked skins... contain fewer polyphenol compounds compared to peanut products that contain skin". I've seen a lot of previous studies on the values of consuming peanut skins.
Is there any benefit to consuming the roasted silverskin of coffee seeds?
I found this in seconds with a search:
Can coffee silverskin be a useful tool to fight metabolic syndrome?
"...Coffee silverskin, the main by-product of coffee roasting, stands out as a noteworthy source of nutrients and remarkable bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and melanoidins, among others. Such compounds have been demonstrating beneficial health properties in the context of metabolic disorders."
"Coffee silverskin compounds seem to contribute to a potential protective effect against MetS through complementary mechanisms of action: (a) interaction with intestinal sugar transporters, hormones, and signaling pathways acting on glucose metabolism, particularly AMPK; (b) improvement of glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity; (c) lowering total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels, possibly through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase; (d) reduction of inflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue; (e) protection against oxidative DNA damage; and (f) acting as interesting players in the regulation of gut microbiota."
I probably eat more peanut butter than the average adult and it isn't helping my memory or mood.
Trapped in the People's Communits Republic of Massachusetts.
:O'Hara's Choice" by Leon Uris. 2003 A historical novel about the Marine Corps written by Uris , a Marine who was on Guadacanal and Tarawa as a teenager in WW11.